Whenever you quote, paraphrase, summarize, or otherwise refer to the work of another, you are required to cite its source, either by way of parenthetical citation or by means of a footnote, as well as a complete reference in a bibliography. Offered here are resources for some of the most commonly used citation styles:

APA

• Online Writing Lab (OWL) from Purdue University (in-text and bibliography/references)
• Research and Documentation Online from Bedford/St. Martin's (in-text and bibliography/references)
• American Psychological Association Style Guide (contains basics, tutorials, FAQs)

Chicago

• Chicago Manual of Style - Online access from Duke Libraries
• Research and Documentation Online from Bedford/St. Martin's (in-text, notes and bibliography)

CSE

• Research and Documentation Online from Bedford/St. Martin's (in-text and bibliography/references)

MLA

• Online Writing Lab (OWL) from Purdue University (in-text and bibliography/works cited)
• Research and Documentation Online from Bedford/St. Martin's (in-text and bibliography/works cited)
• Modern Language Association (contains FAQs)

Turabian

• Turabian Citation Guide from The University of Chicago Press (in-text and bibliography)

More style manuals

Note: As always, we recommend that you consult the published style manuals for clarification and additional assistance. These can be checked out from the Duke Libraries:

• APA: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
• Chicago: Chicago Manual of Style (also online)
• CSE: Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers
• MLA: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
• Turabian: Turabian: A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (also for Kindle)

Documentation and Academic Integrity

In academic communities, the ethics of research demand that writers be credited for their work and their writing. Not to do so is to plagiarize, to intentionally or unintentionally appropriate the ideas, language, or work of another without sufficient acknowledgement that such material is not one's own. We offer these resources as guides to help you understand how to cite the sources you have used in writing your papers, as well as to understand the nature of plagiarism and how to avoid it.

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