MenuInventory of the Picture File, 1600s-1979 and undated, bulk 1814-1950
Abstract
The Picture File was created by the Duke University. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library as a vertical file from the 1950s to the 1980s. Images were separated from manuscript collections as well as added individually from other sources.
The Picture File is a large and diverse collection of visual materials ranging from the 17th through the 20th centuries. The bulk of the images in the collection date from the early 1800s through the 1950s. Formats represented include black and white photographic prints; cartes de visite, cabinet cards and other albumen prints; tintypes and daguerreotypes; engravings and lithographs; political cartoons; watercolors; sketches; postcards; stereographs; souvenir albums; leaflets; and small broadsides. Organized into four main series: Subjects, Geographic, Socialist Party, and People. The images offer representations of the landscape, culture, and history of most of the southern United States, especially Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, North and South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia. Many images of France, Italy, Germany, Japan, China, and some African countries can also be found; a large number of other countries and geographic locations are represented by only a few images. Many political figures and notable personages are portrayed; there are especially significant numbers of images of Eugene Debs, Socialist Party leader, and members of the Duke family of Durham, N.C. The history of that same city is also well-represented, in addition to other Southern cities and towns, including Raleigh N.C. Civil War images are abundant, offering views of battles and scenes of devastation both rural and urban. Other conflicts are also depicted, including the American Revolutionary War, Spanish-American War, and there are some images from both World Wars. A significant group of items in the People Series pertains to African Americans, ranging from studio portraits to caricatures of individuals and groups of individuals; a smaller group of images features depictions of Native Americans. Finally, the Picture File is home to collections of many engravings and lithographs produced by the 19th century American companies Currier and Ives, L. Prang and Co., and Kurz and Allison; many of them commemorate military leaders or events.
Descriptive Summary
- Repository
- David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University
- Creator
- Duke University. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
- Title
- Picture File, 1600s-1979 and undated, bulk 1814-1950
- Language of Material
- English
- Extent
- 10.5 Linear Feet, 6016 Items
- Location
- For current information on the location of these materials, please consult the Library's online catalog.
Collection Overview
The Picture File is a large and diverse collection of visual materials ranging from the 17th through the 20th centuries. The bulk of the images in the collection date from the early 1800s through the 1950s. Formats represented include black and white photographic prints; cartes de visite, cabinet cards and other albumen prints; tintypes and daguerreotypes; engravings and lithographs; political cartoons; watercolors; sketches; postcards; stereographs; souvenir albums; leaflets; and small broadsides. Organized into four main series: Subjects, Geographic, Socialist Party, and People. The images offer representations of the landscape, culture, and history of most of the southern United States, especially Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, North and South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia. Many images of France, Italy, Germany, Japan, China, and some African countries can also be found; a large number of other countries and geographic locations are represented by only a few images. Many political figures and notable personages are portrayed; there are especially significant numbers of images of Eugene Debs, Socialist Party leader, and members of the Duke family of Durham, N.C. The history of that same city is also well-represented, in addition to other Southern cities and towns, including Raleigh N.C. Civil War images are abundant, offering views of battles and scenes of devastation both rural and urban. Other conflicts are also depicted, including the American Revolutionary War, Spanish-American War, and there are some images from both World Wars. A significant group of items in the People Series pertains to African Americans, ranging from studio portraits to caricatures of individuals and groups of individuals; a smaller group of images features depictions of Native Americans. Finally, the Picture File is home to collections of many engravings and lithographs produced by the 19th century American companies Currier and Ives, L. Prang and Co., and Kurz and Allison; many of them commemorate military leaders or events.
The great majority of images in the the relatively small Subjects Series (about 120 items) depict scenes from the Revolutionary, Civil, Spanish-American, and World Wars, but other images relate to such diverse subjects as architecture, automobiles, horses, ships, and politics. This series includes a large collection of Currier and Ives prints and American political cartoons.
The much larger Geographic Series contains visual representations of many regions in the United States, with the largest concentration belonging to the Southern states. Almost half the series is comprised of images depicting Civil War scenes, during and after the war, and are chiefly engravings of battles or photographs of urban devastation. There are very few images of individual soldiers; however, there are reunion group photographs and portraits of Civil War military leaders (many more can be found in the People Series). A few images were taken by noted photographer Alexander Gardner. Other photographs and postcards, many from the 19th century, depict factories, buildings and monuments, street scenes in cities, social events, and rural landscapes. Durham, N.C. is especially well-represented, and many of the locations relate to the Duke family. Souvenir albums and postcards of Florida, New Orleans, Niagara Falls, and other tourist destinations appear frequently. Other geographical locations in this series include many European countries and Asian countries. Particularly of interest are early 20th century images of conflicts in Europe, Japan and China.
The images in the Socialist Party Records Series provide a rich additional resource to the papers of the Socialist Party America, also held by the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Subdivided into groupings entitled General, Geographic, Labor, and People, the series documents in visual form the history of the party and its membership, chiefly from the early 1900s to the 1970s, with emphasis on the decades from the 1920s through the 1940s. Images include portraits of leading individuals such as Eugene V. Debs, and photographs taken at many conventions and meetings throughout the U.S. Other scenes depicted include strikes, protests, and elections.
The People Series is the largest series, comprising nearly two-thirds of the collection. Portraits of well-known military, political, literary, religious, and historical figures from Western society are depicted chiefly through engravings, though there are many photographs of modern figures; all are arranged in alphabetical order. Confederate Civil War military figures are well represented. Subdivisions house images of Native Americans and African Americans, chiefly in photographs and postcards; the older and outdated series titles, Negroes and Indians, have been retained, but cross references have been provided using modern terms Native Americans and African Americans.
Collection Arrangement Note:
To allow for better housing, negatives, stereographs, and cased images such as daguerreotypes have been separated into their own series.
Oversize materials separated from the main collection at processing are housed in flat oversize boxes and appear listed in subseries at the end of each of the main series to which they belong. Cross-references to all separated materials are provided at the original folder locations from which items have been removed. Another large group of oversize materials separated earlier in the collection's history is listed in a separate series at the end of this finding aid; these items are housed in large oversize boxes belonging to the Special Collections Library's on-site oversize box run, and the largest are housed in the library's oversize cabinets.
To facilitate access to all of the images and to undertake the most comprehensive search for materials, researchers may wish to contact the Research Services staff before using this collection.
Administrative Information
Collections are on the move for the renovation of the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Contact Rubenstein Library staff before visiting. Read More »
Access Restrictions
Collection is open for research.
However, collection may contain materials to which the Acknowledgment of Legal Responsibilities and Privacy Rights form applies. Patrons must sign this form before using this collection.
Also, all or portions of this collection may be housed off-site in Duke University's Library Service Center. Consequently, there may be a 24-hour delay in obtaining these materials.
Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library to use this collection.
Use Restrictions
The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to Duke University. For more information, consult the copyright section of the Regulations and Procedures of the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
Contents of the Collection
Browse List of Series
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Expand AllItems relating to a variety of subjects, including architecture, automobiles, fashion, political cartoons, and military conflicts, particularly the American Civil War but also the Revolutionary, Spanish-American, and World Wars. The Civil War images, which include several photographs by noted photographer Alexander Gardner, make up more than half of the Subjects Series; most of the items are engravings of battle scenes and photographs of battlefields and forts. The entire series is primarily comprised of engravings and photographs, though there are lithograph, paper prints, a souvenir album, photostats and tintypes as well. In addition, some materials were separated from the main collection to allow for better housing; these include negatives, stereographs, and oversized materials. Arranged alphabetically.
Transferred from the David E. Evans Papers.
These pictures bear no formal title. They show the development of a farm from the time it was settled until it became a prosperous establishment.
Includes index of engravings.
Photo of Durer original in the British Museum.
Photo of Durer original in the British Museum.
Photo of Durer original in the British Museum.
Individual photos of Cadillac, Chevrolet, and Ford automobiles.
Transferred from the Duke Undergraduate Library.
Individual photos of Cadillac, Chevrolet, and Ford automobiles.
Transferred from the Duke Undergraduate Library.
Drawing from a photograph made in 1868 by Federal soldiers who captured the costumes after a Ku Klux Klan parade.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
From the Frank C. Brown Papers, Duke Archives.
From Jones: Biographical Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress
Revolutionary war engravings, undated
Missing. "Removed for Women's Exhibit 2/15/83."
Removed to OV Folder 1, Box SM01, Oversize Subseries.
Includes duplicate copy of photostat image.
Ship pictured is the U.S.S. Indianapolis. More detailed information provided on back of photograph.
Transferred from the Marmaduke Floyd Collection.
Spanish-American War stereographs, 1898
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
World War II news photographs, 1946 Jan. 16 and 22
Detailed information provided on backs of photographs.
Photographs taken in France, 1944-1945
From the original painting by Chappel.
Removed to Oversize Subseries.
Given by Mrs. I. E. Gray, Durham, NC.
Duplicate copy included.
Includes brief notes specifying different parts of the prison.
Includes names of depicted ships and forts. Duplicate copy included.
Includes names of depicted ships.
"Columbia After Sherman's Visit," undated
May be 19th c. reproductions of card photographs.
From the Chas E. Jones Papers scrapbook.
Affixed to a single scrapbook page.
From the Chas E. Jones Papers scrapbook.
Affixed to a single scrapbook page.
From the Chas E. Jones Papers scrapbook.
Includes names of depicted ships.
Taken from The Story of the Great March. From The Diary of a Staff Officer, by Brevet Major George Wards Nichols, aide-de-camp to General Sherman, Harper and Bros., New York, 1865.
Removed to Folder OV3, Box SM01, Oversize Subseries.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Map missing; contains about 50 small images, seem to be ink drawings taken from postcards or photographs; some are reproductions of Paul Philippoteaux paintings. Handle with care; bindings fragile.
Relics include Confederate torpedoes, shot, shell, and breach of the 600 lb. Blakely Gun.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
One stereograph removed to S6 in the Stereographs Series.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
One view of the stereograph is missing.
Removed to Folder OV4, Box SM01, Oversize Subseries.
These photographs were made from glass-plate negatives contained in the Library of Congress.
These photographs were made from glass-plate negatives contained in the Library of Congress.
These photographs were made from glass-plate negatives contained in the Library of Congress.
These photographs were made from glass-plate negatives contained in the Library of Congress.
These photographs were made from glass-plate negatives contained in the Library of Congress.
These photographs were made from glass-plate negatives contained in the Library of Congress.
These photographs were made from glass-plate negatives contained in the Library of Congress.
This photograph was made from a glass-plate negative contained in the Library of Congress.
Includes copy of engraving.
Includes names of depicted ships.
All items removed to the Negatives Series. Many of the originals of these pictures are in the Civil War Series.
Photograph of a basrelief on the back of the U.S. Grant monument in Galena, Ill.
Geographic Series, 1600s-1985 and undated
Visual materials from a wide range of geographic locations separated into subseries. More than half of the subseries and materials are of various U.S. states, mostly on the Eastern seaboard. The majority of the U.S. material comes from the assorted subseries of the southern states, the largest of which are Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. Much of the North Carolina subseries features historical images of Durham, including a good deal of material focusing on the Bennett House, where General Johnston surrendered to General Sherman in 1865. Internationally, the Geographic Series includes images from many different nations from around the world, ranging from Bolivia to China to England; the most extensive of these international subseries are of European countries. The largest of these non-U.S. subseries concerns the travels of Robert Tracy Zimmerman in the Mediterranean area. The vast majority of the images in this series are of various landmarks and vistas in the featured states and countries. Most of these pictures of historical or geographic locales do not include people, but there are a significant number of street scenes and the like with many unidentified individuals. Images in this series are mostly photographs and engravings , though there are lithographs, paper prints, clippings, albums, and postcards as well. One of the more unusual genres is the “Illustrated Florida” collection of chromolithographs with identical slides in the Florida subseries. In addition, some items were separated from the main collection to allow for better housing; these include negatives, stereographs, and oversized materials. All subgroupings and items arranged alphabetically.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Removed to Oversize Subseries.
Removed from the same original folder as M75.
Engravings are part of a small book; included are a title page, index, and background information on the engraved pictures.
Engravings are part of a small book; included are a title page, index, and background information on the engraved pictures.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Description in Spanish included. Photograph is of a painting (circa 1634).
Printed souvenir booklet.
Large viewbook. Removed to Oversize Series.
Ornate souvenir album commemorating Fascist Party visit to Japan, China, and possibly Korea.
Removed to Oversize Subseries.
Includes names and occupations of individuals in the photographs.
Removed from the same original folder as M87.
Includes 2 maps of war zones. Clippings and photos mounted on cloth panels and paper sheets. Two sets of clippings are dated 1932, while the rest are undated.
[Colorado landscapes], undated
Photographs include names of depicted buildings.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
"First du Pont powder mill, built in 1802, near Brandywine Creek, Wilmington..."
Page from book; reproduction of photograph.
Corcoran Gallery of Art, undated
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Functioned as a receipt with souvenir engraving at top. Given to one John Chase for his donation to the monument's construction.
From the Geo. Hist. Society.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
From the Henry Sydnor Harrison papers.
Original engraving dated 1791.
Durham [England], undated
London
These two engravings are on a single sheet.
From the Geo. Hist. Society
From the Geo. Hist. Society
Removed to Oversize Subseries.
Removed to Oversize Subseries.
From the Geo. Hist. Society.
Contains 29 small images from Queen Victoria's reign, seem to be ink drawings copying postcards or photographs.
Removed to Oversize Subseries.
Photocopy. Original in Oversize Series.
This is the photocopied original removed from M117 to Oversize Subseries.
Negatives removed to N2 in the Negatives Series.
Removed to Negatives Series from M118.
These come from two identical boxed souvenir sets of 19 postcard-sized lithographs each.
Includes 2 cardstock lithograph cases.
These are slide versions of some of the chromolithographs in M119.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Transferred from the Trinity College Historical Society Relics.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Transferred from the Trinity College Historical Society Relics.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Removed to Oversize Subseries.
Contains 35 black-and-white photographic illustrations, some with descriptive notes.
From the Charles Edgeworth Jones Papers.
"Where remains of Lt. Gen. L. Polk rest."
[From Alexander H. Stephens' "A Constitutional View of the War Between the States..." Vol. 1]...
Two color and two black-and-white versions of same engraving.
Propaganda about cotton on back.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
[From William Bacon Stevens' "A History of Georgia," Vol. 1]
From Grahams Magazine. Duplicate image.
One card photograph removed to OV12 in the Oversize Subseries.
Removed to Oversize Subseries from M141.
From "Grahams Magazine."
From Grahams Magazine.
From Grahams Magazine.
Photograph of a lithograph that was originally in the Georgia Portfolio II.
Includes note telling why these huts are not "East Hermitage."
From the Manigault Family Papers, Vol. IV, Southern Historical Collection, UNC-CH.
Two of the card photographs are attached together, back to back.
Removed to Oversize Subseries.
[Savannah] Savannah scenes and ships, undated
One photograph was removed to OV14 in the Oversize Subseries.
Removed to the Oversize Subseries.
Removed to the Oversize Subseries from M156.
From an engraving.
One engraving removed to OV15 in the Oversize Subseries.
Removed to Oversize Subseries from M159.
African American life in Georgia, 1908-circa 1910
"This negro afterwards died of tuberculosis and syphilis in Chatham County jail while awaiting a new trial on appeal."
Everyday life in Savannah, circa 1910
From Grahams Magazine.
Removed to S18 in the Stereograph Series.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Includes original paper envelope
Removed to Folder OV16, Box SM01, Oversize Subseries.
Includes exhibit cards.
Emulsion flaking - handle with care.
"Chosen" is another word for "Korea."
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Photograph of a painting.
From Jones: Biographical Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress.
From Geo. Hist. Society.
From the Wilbur Wade Card Papers.
Includes exhibit cards.
Includes case.
Includes descriptive letter regarding the photograph.
Originally in album form; disbound and each sheet sleeved in original order. Original paper covers discarded.
Removed to Oversize Subseries.
From Monmouth College Photos.
From Monmouth College Photos.
From Monmouth College Photos.
From Monmouth College Photos.
From Monmouth College Photos.
From Monmouth College Photos.
From Monmouth College Photos.
This album contains about 75 black-and-white prints with descriptions.
Published by U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Removed to Negatives Series.
From Jones: Biographical Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress.
Removed to Oversize Subseries.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
[Bath, Brunswick, and Carthage views]
Includes original paper case for photographs.
All images are of Bennet Place, with the exception of one, a photograph of the bottle Gen. Sherman and Johnston drank while drafting terms for the surrender.
Two ink drawings were removed to OV20 in the Oversize Subseries.
Removed to Oversize Subseries from M221.
Includes a proclamation by North Carolina Governor Thomas J. Jarvis, and a note from the original owner of some of these photographs.
Given by Miss Carrie Burch of Durham, NC.
Gift of M.E. Boyd Hamilton.
Includes list of addresses of graduates as of 1956.
One color engraving was removed to OV21 in the Oversize Subseries.
Removed to the Oversize Subseries from M239.
Removed to Oversize Subseries.
Photographs include descriptions on the back.
Includes note identifying previous owner.
Includes note from the donator and another note identifying a member of the band.
Photograph of a lithograph.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Removed to Negatives Series.
[North Carolina scenes], 1865 Mar. 11 -- 1936 Oct.
Photograph of a sketch. Negative available. "Historical Department N.C. Division U.D.C."
"Not original church, but place where many... founders are buried."
Three card photographs were removed to OV23 in the Oversize Subseries.
Removed to the Oversize Subseries from M268.2.
Scenes of groups in front of public buildings, one close-up picture of ox-cart with oxen. Removed to Oversize Subseries, Folder 177, Box LG04.
Removed to Oversize Subseries.
[Ohio engravings], 1839
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Photocopy. Original in OV25 in the Oversize Subseries.
From "Sketches of the Life and Correspondence of Gen. N. Greene."
This is the original removed from M281 to the Oversize Subseries.
From "Sketches of the Life and Correspondence of Gen. N. Greene."
Photograph of a lithograph.
The album is comprised of 17 photographs.
These photographs were compiled for "Tales of Beaufort" by Nell S. Graydon -- Beaufort Bookshop, Inc. Beaufort, S.C., 1963.
These photographs were compiled for "Tales of Beaufort" by Nell S. Graydon -- Beaufort Bookshop, Inc. Beaufort, S.C., 1963.
These photographs were compiled for "Tales of Beaufort" by Nell S. Graydon -- Beaufort Bookshop, Inc. Beaufort, S.C., 1963.
These photographs were compiled for "Tales of Beaufort" by Nell S. Graydon -- Beaufort Bookshop, Inc. Beaufort, S.C., 1963.
These photographs were compiled for "Tales of Beaufort" by Nell S. Graydon -- Beaufort Bookshop, Inc. Beaufort, S.C., 1963.
These photographs were compiled for "Tales of Beaufort" by Nell S. Graydon -- Beaufort Bookshop, Inc. Beaufort, S.C., 1963.
These photographs were compiled for "Tales of Beaufort" by Nell S. Graydon -- Beaufort Bookshop, Inc. Beaufort, S.C., 1963.
These photographs were compiled for "Tales of Beaufort" by Nell S. Graydon -- Beaufort Bookshop, Inc. Beaufort, S.C., 1963.
These photographs were compiled for "Tales of Beaufort" by Nell S. Graydon -- Beaufort Bookshop, Inc. Beaufort, S.C., 1963.
These photographs were compiled for "Tales of Beaufort" by Nell S. Graydon -- Beaufort Bookshop, Inc. Beaufort, S.C., 1963.
Removed to OV Folder 2, Box SM01, Oversize Subseries.
Photocopy of original.
Removed to Folder OV27, Box LG02, Oversize Subseries.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Removed to Stereographs Series
From Jones: Biographical Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress.
Removed to Folder OV28, Box LG02, Oversize Subseries.
Photocopy of original.
Removed to Folder OV29, Box LG02, Oversize Subseries.
One stereograph removed to S27 in the Stereographs Series.
Removed from M301 to the Stereograph Series.
Removed to Folder OV30, Box LG02, Oversize Subseries.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Printed souvenir booklet.
Photograph of an original pencil sketch.
Removed to Stereograph series.
Removed to Stereograph series.
One negative removed to N5 in the Negatives Series.
Removed from M326 to the Negative Series.
Formerly the Confederate Memorial Institute, now the headquarters of the Virginia Historical Society.
Removed to Stereograph series.
Removed to Folder OV31, Box SM02, Oversize Subseries.
Printed souvenir booklet.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Removed to Stereographs Series.
Includes note about Robert Tracy Zimmerman's travels.
From an engraving.
From the Wilbur Wade Card Papers.
Removed to Oversize Subseries from M239.
Removed from M268.2 to the Oversize Series.
This is the original removed from M281 to Oversize Subseries.
From "Sketches of the Life and Correspondence of Gen. N. Greene."
From Jones: Biographical Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress.
Description comes from title on archival folder; photographs are uncaptioned and undated.
Separated from the Socialist Party Records, held by the Rare Book, Manuscripts, and Special Collections Library, these visual materials concern American and occasionally international Socialism in the 20th century, with occasional forays into the late 1800s. Organized into the following subseries: General, Geographic, Labor, and People. The General Subseries consists of images depicting a variety of subjects, ranging from Civil Rights protests in the U.S. to news photographs of the Nazi military buildup in the early 1930s. The contents of the much smaller Geographic and Labor Subseries depict locales of interest such as Berlin and Chicago, and various labor strikes in the 1940s and 1950s, respectively. The largest subseries, People, contains portraits of various socialist leaders throughout the party’s history (both national and regional), with a large amount of material focusing on the life of five-time U.S. presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs. Also included in this subseries are groups of socialist legislators as well as assembled socialist conventions and delegations. The vast majority of the images in this series portray various events and individuals in Socialist Party history; however, there are also a few items which depict places of socialist interest, such as the city of Vienna or the party headquarters in Chicago. Images in this series are chiefly photographic; other formats include handbills, clippings, sketches, black-and-white illustrations, a viewbook, and postcards. In addition, this series features an unusual genre in the pair of duotone plates found in the People subseries. As in the other series, some items were separated from the main collection to allow for better housing; these include negatives, stereographs, and oversized materials. All items arranged alphabetically.
Photograph depicts campaign buttons for Socialist presidential candidates from 1900 to 1956.
Duotone plate is a small photographic portrait of Agnes McPhail.
One black-and-white photograph was removed to Folder OV32, Box M01, in the Oversize Subseries.
50 negatives were removed to N6 in the Negatives Series.
Removed to the Oversize Subseries from the same original folder as M351.1-9 and N6.
Removed to the Negatives Series from the same original folder as M351.1-9 and OV32.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Folder OV33, Box M01.
The negative attached to this photograph was removed to N7 in the Negatives Series.
Removed to Negatives Series.
The card photograph attached to this negative was removed to OV33 in the Oversize Subseries.
The last photograph depicts James Price after he was shot -- graphic content.
Removed to Folder OV34, Box M01, Oversize Subseries.
Photocopy of the original clipping, which is a photograph portrait of Crossthwaite.
Sketch included a duplicate.
One card photograph removed to Folder OV35, Box M01 in the Oversize Subseries.
Two black-and-white photographs were removed to OV36, Box M01, in the Oversize Subseries.
One cartoon removed to OV37 in the Oversize Subseries.
Removed to the Oversize Subseries from M387.3.
Removed to Oversize Subseries.
"See also a photographic copy of Hapgood on biographical leaflet, Socialist Party of America Papers, National Office, Biographies."
These two illustrations are duplicates.
Removed to Oversize Subseries.
Two of these photographs are duplicates.
Some of these photographs are duplicates.
Inscription to Bertha Hale Brown under photograph.
These two forms are duplicates.
These two photographs are duplicates.
Removed to Oversize Subseries.
A photographic illustration was removed to OV41 in the Oversize Subseries.
Removed from M441 to the Oversize Series.
These two photographs are duplicates.
One negative removed to N8 in the Negatives Series.
Removed to the Negatives Series from M449.
Removed to Oversize Subseries.
One negative removed to N9 in the Negatives Series.
Removed to the Negatives Series from OV42 in the Oversize Subseries.
A negative was removed to N10 in the Negatives Series.
Removed to the Negatives Series from M451.
One negative removed to N11 in the Negatives Series.
Removed to the Negatives Series from M456.
2 negatives removed to N12 in the Negatives Series.
Removed to the Negatives Series from M468.
These two handbills are duplicates.
One of the illustrations is a photocopy.
"See also Illinois Socialist Legislators."
Two card photographs and one black-and-white illustration removed to folder OV43, Box M01, in the Oversize Subseries.
Both photographs have negatives available.
A negative was removed to N13 in the Negatives Series.
Removed from M494 to the Negatives Series.
Removed from M351.1-9 to the Oversize Series.
The negative attached to this print was removed to N7 in the Negatives Series.
Removed from M379.2 to the Oversize Series.
Removed to the Oversize Subseries from M380.4.
Removed to the Oversize Subseries from M387.3.
Removed from M441 to the Oversize Series.
A negative of this print was removed to N8 in the Negatives Series.
Removed to the Oversize Subseries from M485.5.
Making up about two-thirds of the Picture File collection, the People Series contains images of individuals and groups from many historical periods, separated into alphabetical subseries to facilitate access. The individuals depicted in this series come from widely different backgrounds, ranging from an unnamed peddler with his pack to famous Shakespearean actors. However, the majority of the images depict prominent American and European (mostly British) men, such as political and/or military leaders, clergymen, and nobles. A large portion of the American individuals portrayed in this series are Civil War commanders, both Union and Confederate. The Duke family of Durham, NC is also well-represented in the material. In addition to the alphabetical subseries, arranged chiefly by last names, this series also contains two much smaller subseries focused specifically on Native Americans) and African Americans. The terms "Negroes" and "Indians" as used in the original Picture File collection have been retained for series titles as representative of the language used in their time; cross-references have been added within the box lists under "African Americans" and "Native Americans."
Individual portraits make up the vast majority of items in this series. While most of these pictures are posed, there is a significant number of informal images as well as large gatherings of unidentified people. photographs and engravings make up the largest group of formats in the series, though there are also lithographs, photostats, clippings, various printed illustrations, tintypes, handbills, broadsides, sketches, and postcards. Some of the more unusual genres include a souvenir menu and a page from a scrapbook. In addition, some items were separated from the main collection to allow for better housing; these include cased images, negatives, stereographs, and oversized materials. All items are arranged alphabetically (the subseries "Negroes" and "Indians" are found within this alphabetical order).
Illustration taken from Jones: Biographical Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress.
"Transferred from British Autographs."
"Princess of Wales and wife of King Edward VII, King of England."
From Jones: Biographical Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress.
Negative available.
One engraving is from Jones: Biog. Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress.
Brittle original: use photocopy in folder.
Reproduction of a photograph transferred from British Autographs.
From Jones: Biographical Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress.
One item signed by Beauregard.
A negative was removed to N14 in the Negatives Series.
Removed from M574 to the Negatives Series.
One of these engravings is from the Geo. Hist. Society.
Two of these photographs are duplicates.
Removed to Folder OV44, Box M02, Oversize Subseries.
Photograph of a painting by Isabey. See also M1790 in the People Series for an additional engraving.
Removed to Folder OV45, Box M02, Oversize Subseries.
See also M1790 in the People Series for an additional engraving.
Transferred from the Graham Arthur Barden Papers.
From the C. C. Clay Mss.
Removed to Folder OV46, Box M02, Oversize Subseries.
Transferred from the Carl L. Lokke Mss.
From the Geo. Hist. Society.
Two black-and-white photographs removed to Folder OV47, Box M02 in the Oversize Subseries.
Transferred from the C. C. Clay Collection.
One engraving removed to Folder OV48, Box M02 in the Oversize Subseries.
"Part of the Frank Baker Collection of Wesleyana and British Methodism."
"Com. Nutt and Minnie Warren."
Transferred from the Eugene Russell Hendrix Mss.
Removed to Folder OV49, Box M02, Oversize Subseries.
From "The Life and Times of Aaron Burr" by J. Parton.
These two engravings are duplicates.
From Jones: Biographical Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress.
One engraving removed to Folder OV50, Box M02 in the Oversize Subseries.
"Transferred, 10-17-63, from the Wendell Holmes Stephenson Papers (Journal of Southern History Archives)."
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M02, Folder OV51.
Two engravings are copies of a daguerreotype.
One engraving was removed to Box M02, folder OV52 in the Oversize Subseries.
Removed to Folder OV53, Box M02, Oversize Subseries.
From Jones: Biographical Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M02, Folder OV54.
An engraving was removed to Box M02, Folder OV55 in the Oversize Subseries.
Photograph of an engraving.
One engraving was removed to Box M02, Folder OV56 in the Oversize Subseries.
One engraving was removed to box M02, Folder OV57 in the Oversize Subseries.
Transferred from the Marmaduke Floyd Collection.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M02, Folder OV58.
From Jones: Biographical Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress.
Two photo reproductions of painted portraits.
One of these engravings is from Charles E. Jones' scrapbook.
From the C. C. Clay Mss.
Photograph of an engraving.
Some of the engravings in folders 714.1-714.3 are duplicates.
Removed to the Oversize Subseries, Box M02, Folder OV59.
From Jones: Biographical Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress.
From Charles E. Jones' scrapbook.
Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, 1902, 1914 and 1900s
This photograph is published in "Mark Twain Himself: A Pictorial Biography" edited by Milton Meltzer.
Removed to Box M02, Folder OV60 in the Oversize Subseries.
"From C. C. Clay Mss."
From Jones: Biographical Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress.
All of these engravings are signed by Howell Cobb.
Signed by Bela Cogswell.
One of these engravings is from the Geo. Hist. Society.
Drawing by Farkas, with Coker pennant on wall.
From C. C. Clay Mss.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M02, Folder 61.
Signed by Alfred Colquitt.
Transferred from the Joseph Conrad Mss.
From the Joseph Conrad Mss.
Includes the original case for the first 24 engravings in this folder series.
Two of these engravings are from "The Lost Cause," by Edward Pollard. N.Y. E. B. Treat and Co., 1866.
Three engravings and one black-and-white photographic illustration were removed to Box LG02, Folder OV62 in the Oversize Subseries.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box LG02, Folder 63.
The clipping is a photocopy.
Photograph of a painting.
From Jones: Biographical Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress.
8 of these photographs were transferred from the Reuben Dean Bowen Mss.
These photographs were transferred from the Reuben Dean Bowen Mss.
Signed by Calvin Josiah Cowles.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box LG02, Folder OV64.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box MO3, Folder OV65.
All of these include William H. Crawford's possibly authentic signature.
Transferred from Vause W. Marshall Papers.
Signed by N. Martin Curtis.
From C. C. Clay Mss.
Two black-and-white photographs removed to the Oversize Subseries, Box M03, Folder OV66.
From the Geo. Hist. Society.
Negative available.
Photograph of an engraving.
One of the card photographs is from C. C. Clay Mss.
One of the engravings is from Frank H. Alfriend's "The Life of Jefferson Davis," Cincinnati and Chicago, Carton Publishing House, 1868.
The card photograph is from C. C. Clay Mss. It and the postcard have available negatives.
The last engraving has a negative available.
The first engraving is from Charles E. Jones' Scrapbook. One of the engravings is from Edward A. Pollard's "The Lost Cause...," N.Y., E.B. Treat and Co., 1866.
The engraving is from Vol IV of "History of the United States of America" by Henry William Elson, published in NY by the Macmillan Co., 1905. The illustration is from the John W. Hinsdale, Sr. and Jr., papers.
An engraving and a card photograph were removed to Box M03, OV67 in the Oversize Subseries.
The black-and-white photograph is the same image as the engraving.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M03, Folder OV68.
Transferred from the Clement Claiborne Clay Papers.
Signed by John William Davis.
Removed to Box M03, OV69 in the Oversize Subseries.
Transferred from the Marmaduke Floyd Collection.
Photograph of an engraving from the June 1867 issue of "DeBow's Review."
Negative available.
Removed to Folder OV159, Box LG04, Oversize Subseries.
Negative available.
Photograph of a sketch.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M03, Folder OV70.
Transferred from the Chambers Band Papers.
Removed to Oversize Subseries.
Photograph of a daguerrotype.
Includes signature.
From Jones: Biographical Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress.
From the George Jacob Holyoake Papers.
Received from "Four Acres." These unidentified images left in Picture File; 13 others removed to James B. Duke and Benjamin N. Duke Papers.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M03, Folder OV72.
One engraving removed to Box M03, Folder OV73 in the Oversize Subseries.
From the Wm. K. Boyd Mss.
Negative available.
Removed to Box M03, Folder OV74, Oversize Subseries.
Signed by Dyer with dedication to friend.
Photograph is of an engraving.
One engraving was removed to Box M03, Folder OV75 in the Oversize Subseries.
From the Albert Aylor Manuscripts.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M03, Folder OV76.
Negative available. Two of these photographs are duplicates.
Removed to Folder OV77, Box LG03, Oversize Subseries.
Photograph of an engraving. Includes explanatory letters from the Naval Historical Foundation.
Photograph of an oil painting.
Transferred from the David E. Evans Papers.
Photograph of a deguerrotype copy of an oil painting.
One engraving is from the Geo. Hist. Society.
Attached note: "This happened in Alexandria at the Marshall House."
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M03, Folder OV78.
From Jones: Biographical Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress.
Larger image from Georgia Hist. Society.
Larger engraving may have genuine autograph.
Transferred from the Marmaduke Floyd Collection.
Negatives available.
One engraving from Georgia Hist. Society.
Transferred from the Marmaduke Floyd Collection.
Removed to Oversized Series, Box M03 Folder OV80.
Gift of Harry L. Mintz, Hallsboro, N.C. -- photograph from an album purchased from the McKenzie Estate, Whiteville, N.C.
Transferred from the Parapsychology Laboratory papers.
From a set of 30 postcards.
Negatives available.
From a set of 30 postcards.
From a set of 30 postcards.
Clipping is a reproduction of a full length sketch.
Reproduction of an oil painting.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M04, Folder OV81.
Transferred from the Marmaduke Floyd Collection. See also M1791 in the People Series for an additional engraving.
One image has a negative available. See also M1791 in the People Series for an additional engraving.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M04, Folder OV82.
"This photograph was taken when Frederick was Crown Prince and temporary Regent while his father William I recovered from an assassination attempt."
Reproduction of a full-length portrait in pencil.
This image contains 12 separate portraits on one sheet.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M04, Folder OV83.
[removed from wall of Trent Room]
Both images are reproductions of the same charcoal drawing.
Inscribed to Admiral Samuel McGowan.
Photograph comes from a book jacket.
Negative available.
Includes signature.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box LG03, Folder OV84.
Transferred from the Marmaduke Floyd Collection.
One item removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M04, Folder OV85.
Transferred from the Marmaduke Floyd Collection.
From The New Royal and Universal Magazine, or Gentleman and Lady's Companion.
Three items removed to Oversize Series, Box M04, Folder OV86.
Transferred from the Marmaduke Floyd Collection.
Illustration is a reproduction of an engraving.
Transferred from the Marmaduke Floyd Collection.
Transferred from the Graham Arthur Barden Papers.
Professor at Louvain University. Born in Antwerp.
Negatives available.
Negatives available.
Negatives available of larger image.
One photograph has negatives available.
Contains an itemized list with descriptions of the photographs in folders M970.1-970.3.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M04, Folder OV87.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M04, Folder OV88.
Two of the photographs are reproductions of engravings.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M04, Folder OV89 (no folder created in Main Collection).
French novelist and associate of Voltaire.
Two items removed to Box M04, Folder OV90 in the Oversize Subseries.
Transferred from the C. C. Clay papers.
Image is a silhouette.
Image is a reproduction of a pen and ink sketch by Judge W. B. Rudman.
"A reproduction of a spurious portrait."
Photographs are reproductions of a painting.
Image contains an engraving of each man on a single page.
Photographs are reproductions of engravings.
See also M1792 in the People Series for an additional engraving.
The illustrations are from Charles E. Jones' Scrapbook.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M04, Folder OV91.
Includes possibly authentic signature of George P. Harrison Jr.
Transferred from the Henry S. Harrison Papers.
One engraving removed to Box LG03, folder OV92 in the Oversize Subseries.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M04, Folder OV93.
Includes faint signature.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M04, Folder OV94.
Includes signature.
Illustration removed to Box M04, Folder OV95 in the Oversize Subseries.
Includes signature.
Photographs are copies of different original formats.
Images have been deframed and are fragile.
Folder includes biographical information on artist and subjects.
Transferred from the Marmaduke Floyd Collection.
Two engravings share one of the two pages in this folder.
Images removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M04 Folder OV96.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M04, Folder OV97.
Photo of Durer Portrait.
Removed to Oversize Subseries, Box M04, Folder OV98.
Comes with attached handwritten military order with Hindman's autograph, dated 1863 Sept. 5.
Comes with detailed biographical information.
Includes original signature.
Negatives available.
Page from Charles E. Jones scrapbook.
Engraving removed to Box M04, Folder OV99 in the Oversize Subseries.
Negatives available.
Engraving removed to Box M04, Folder OV100 in the Oversize Subseries.
One photograph is a reproduction of an oil painting.
Transferred from the F. W. M. Holliday Papers.
Negatives available.
A reproduction of a painting.
Illustration is a copy of a photograph.
Removed to Box M04, Folder OV101, Oversize Subseries.
Includes signature.
Transferred from the Parapsychology Laboratory Papers.
Removed to Box M04, Folder OV102, Oversize Subseries.
One engraving removed to Box M05, Folder OV103 in the Oversize Subseries.
Illustration is a copy of an original sketch.
Transferred from the Marmaduke Floyd collection.
Removed to Box M05, Folder OV104, Oversize Subseries.
Includes faint signature on reverse side.
Photograph published in a history of the Hampton Institute.
Photograph is a copy of a painting.
Photograph is a copy of a portrait.
The images are copies of J. W. Dodge's portrait of Jackson.
Negatives available.
One engraving removed to Box M05, Folder OV105 in the Oversize Subseries. Negative available for the engraving.
Two engravings removed to Box M05, Folder OV106 in the Oversize Subseries.
Published first on Oct. 30, 1967 in his The American Scene (Horizon Press).
Transferred from British Autographs.
Negatives available. See also M1793 in the People Series for an additional engraving.
Two illustrations removed to Box M05, Folder OV107 in the Oversize Suberies.
Negative available.
Negative available.
Photograph is of a bust.
One engraving is a copy of a full length portrait.
Both photographs are from the scrapbook of Chas E. Jones.
One photograph is of a bust.
One engraving removed to Box M05, Folder OV108 in the Oversize Subseries.
Includes signature.
One engraving removed to Box M05, Folder OV109 in the Oversize Subseries.
Transferred from British Autographs.
Includes signature.
Negative available.
From the Chas E. Jones scrapbook.
Negative available.
Removed to Box M05, Folder OV110, Oversize Subseries.
This folder also contains pictures of the Jordan home as well as the Jordan family store.
Family members in each picture are identified on the back.
Illustration is a copy of a photograph.
Illustration is a colored engraving.
Includes signatures of J. F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy.
Two photographs include a signature.
Removed to Box M05, Folder OV111, Oversize Subseries.
Includes biographical information on back.
Illustration is a copy of a painting.
From the William Ramsey, James Calvin, and Robert Reid Hemphill Mss.
Negative removed to Folder N17, Negatives Series.
One negative removed to Folder N18 in the Negatives Series.
Negative removed to Folder N19 in the Negatives Series.
Negative removed to Folder N20 in the Negatives Series.
Removed to Box LG03, Folder 112, Oversize Subseries.
Folder also contains a correspondence and a short handwritten poem, signed.
Includes a correspondence signed by Kotzenstein.
Pictures concerning the Klan show full uniform and the S. Spofford home in Pulaski, TN, where the first Klan was organized.
Negative available.
Removed to Box M05, Folder OV113, Oversize Subseries.
Two postcards contain pencil signatures of Lang.
Includes original signature.
Includes original signature.
Includes original signature.
Removed to Box M05, Folder OV114, Oversize Subseries.
Illustration is a copy of an engraving.
Photograph is of a miniature.
Transferred from the Richard L. Maury Mss.
Includes a possible signature.
Both images are from the scrapbook of Charles E. Jones.
The card photograph of Sarah Lawton contains additional information on the back.
Includes autographed note on reverse of photograph.
Photograph includes signature.
Engraving removed to Box M05, Folder OV115 in the Oversize Subseries.
The clippings appear on the same page from Charles E. Jones' scrapbook.
Illustration is a copy of a painting.
One illustration and one engraving removed to Box M05, Folder OV116 in the Oversize Subseries.
Illustration is a card photograph of a painting.
One item removed to Box M05, Folder OV117, Oversize Subseries.
The illustrations include copies of black-and-white photographs, an engraving and a painting.
Clipping appears on a page of Charles E. Jones' scrapbook.
Two photographs are copies and the card photograph is enclosed by a blue ribbon.
The original of this photograph is reported to have been made soon after the Civil War.
The photograph appears on a page of Charles E. Jones' scrapbook and comes signed by S. D. Lee.
Two of the black-and-white photographs are copies of paintings.
The illustration is a copy of a painting.
Both photographs are of the same painting.
Engraving is a copy of a pencil sketch.
Removed to Box M05, Folder OV118, Oversize Subseries.
Engraving is entitled, Marriage of the Princess Charlotte of Wales, to Prince Leopold of Saxe-Cobourg.
This engraving is entitled: First interview of the Princess Charlotte with Prince Leopold.
Transferred from the Branch-Cunningham Collection pictures.
Includes dated signature.
From a set of 86 postcards featuring French nobility and royalty.
From a set of 86 postcards featuring French nobility and royalty.
From a set of 86 postcards featuring French nobility and royalty.
From a set of 86 postcards featuring French nobility and royalty.
From a set of 86 postcards featuring French nobility and royalty.
From a set of 86 postcards featuring French nobility and royalty.
These photographs come from 110 individual and group pictures of various members of the Lewis family who lived in Hampton, NH; Gainesville, Ala.; and Columbus, Miss.; and of the allied families of Barry, Converse, Neilson and others.
Some images have been colored; some contain original signatures.
These photographs come from 110 individual and group pictures of various members of the Lewis family who lived in Hampton, NH; Gainesville, AL; and Columbus, MS; and of the allied families of Barry, Converse, Neilson and others.
Some images have been colored.
Some images contain original signatures.
These photographs come from 110 individual and group pictures of various members of the Lewis family who lived in Hampton, NH; Gainesville, AL; and Columbus, MS; and of the allied families of Barry, Converse, Neilson and others.
Some images have been colored.
Some images contain original signatures.
These photographs come from 110 individual and group pictures of various members of the Lewis family who lived in Hampton, NH; Gainesville, AL and Columbus, MS; and of the allied families of Barry, Converse, Neilson and others.
Some images have been colored.
Some images contain original signatures.
These photographs come from 110 individual and group pictures of various members of the Lewis family who lived in Hampton, NH; Gainesville, AL; and Columbus, MS; and of the allied families of Barry, Converse, Neilson and others.
Some images have been colored.
Some images contain original signatures.
These photographs come from 110 individual and group pictures of various members of the Lewis family who lived in Hampton, NH; Gainesville, AL; and Columbus, MS; and of the allied families of Barry, Converse, Neilson and others.
Some images have been colored.
Some images contain original signatures.
These photographs come from 110 individual and group pictures of various members of the Lewis family who lived in Hampton, NH; Gainesville, AL; and Columbus, MS; and of the allied families of Barry, Converse, Neilson and others.
Some images have been colored.
One item removed to Box M05, Folder OV119, Oversize Subseries.
One photograph, 1903, removed to Box MO5, folder OV122.
Removed to Carrell 211.
Engraving is framed with a dated autograph addressed to Miss Adeline B. Marchant. Formerly in the Mary Duke Biddle home.
Photograph is a copy of a painting.
Transferred from the Marmaduke Floyd Collection.
Transferred from the Carl L. Lokke Mss.
Includes a signed note.
Removed to Box M05, Folder OV122, Oversize Subseries.
The illustration is a copy of a painting of Longfellow. The postcard is a copy of a painting of Longfellow's three daughters.
Negative available.
Illustration is a copy of a painting.
Card photograph contains an original, dated signature.
Removed to Box M05, Folder 123, Oversize Subseries.
Illustration is a copy of a photograph.
Illustration is a copy of a photograph from the back of a book cover.
Includes a signed note addressed to Mrs. Pickins(?).
Eight images in the folder are from the "S. C. U. Law Class, 1891."
Three photographs removed to Box M05, Folder OV124 in the Oversize Subseries.
Image comes from the scrapbook of Charles E. Jones.
Transferred from the Hugh MacRae Mss.
2 photographs removed to Box M05, Folder OV125 in the Oversize Series.
Transferred from the Marmaduke Floyd collection.
Illustration is a photographic copy of an illustration from a book.
Folder contains birthdates and death dates of the pictured family members.
Negatives available.
One item removed to Envelope C1 in the Cased Images Series.
Negatives available.
Illustration is a photographic copy of a painting.
French actress. Removed to Box M05, Folder 126, Oversize Subseries.
Negatives available.
One image contains an original signature.
One item removed to Box M05, Folder OV127 in the Oversize Series.
Removed to Box M05, Folder OV128,Oversize Subseries.
Czech politician. Removed to Box LG03, Folder OV129, Oversize Subseries.
Negatives available.
Negatives available.
Negatives available.
Negatives available.
Photograph of the Class of 1893 of the North Carolina Conference, Methodist Episcopal Church, South.
Single sheet containing nine portraits.
Removed to Box M05, Folder OV130, Oversize Subseries.
Illustration is a copy of a photograph.
One item removed to Box M05, Folder OV131, Oversize Subseries.
Transferred from the C. C. Clay Papers.
Item removed to Negatives Series.
Transferred from the Eugene Russell Hendrix Mss.
Item removed to Box M05, Folder OV132, Oversize Subseries.
Engraving includes a list of important events in the life of John Hunt Morgan.
Includes original signature.
Illustration is a copy of a painting.
Item removed to Box M06, Folder OV133, Oversize Subseries.
Engraving is a copy of a painting.
Back of image contains biographical data about those pictured.
Item removed to Box M06, Folder OV134, Oversize Subseries.