In one of the most appalling moves of the Fascist regime, racial laws were adopted in Italy in July, 1938 with the publication of the "Manifesto of Fascist Racism." It declared that Italians were also descendants of the Aryan race. Under racial laws, marriages between Italians and Jews were abolished, Jews were banned from positions in banking, government, and education, and their properties were confiscated. These laws also targeted African races. The two pamphlets above concern themselves with Italians living in the new African colonies, and discuss the problems of raising Italian children in Africa (directed to women specifically) and miscegenation between Italians and Africans.